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However, this distinction was not typological-all essays contained some elements of both, and what was found to differ was the continuum along which any given author used information-structural language versus story-driving language. Those essays that scored high in pronouns, auxiliary verbs, and so on were found to be far more character and action oriented, as well as more informal. Inspections of essays that were high in articles/prepositions found that they were analytical, formal, and hierarchically structured in terms of how information was presented.
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More notable was that the overall average correlation between articles and preposition with the other function words averaged −0.30 ( 19). In an analysis of college admissions essays of over 25,000 students, articles and prepositions were positively correlated +0.25, while the other function word categories were intercorrelated +0.21. Psychometrically, prepositions and articles behave differently from other function words. Once the plot gets moving, there should be a large increase in pronouns, auxiliary verbs, and other function words and a corresponding drop in articles and prepositions. Once the reader becomes familiar with the context, the author can later refer to the mansion as “it” or “her home” or perhaps not at all. In providing the necessary background, the author must necessarily use high rates of prepositions and articles (the mansion was next to the lake, below a bluff, by the road)-words that are inherently information-structural ( 18). To set up the story, the reader needs a great deal of contextual information: Who are the characters? What are the relationships among them? When and where is the story taking place? At the beginning, then, the author must signal concrete labels, names, and other identifying clues for the characters, places, and objects in the story importantly, the author must also connect these dots by elaborating on their interrelations. When a story begins, the author and the reader are strangers. In the study of narrative, then, function words should serve as valuable markers of a story’s progression.